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Choked flow occurs when air velocity through cylinder ports reaches sonic speed (Mach 1), creating a flow limitation that prevents further increases in mass flow rate regardless of downstream pressure reductions or upstream pressure increases.
The key difference between adiabatic and isothermal expansion in pneumatic cylinders lies in heat transfer: adiabatic processes occur rapidly with no heat exchange, while isothermal processes maintain constant temperature through continuous heat transfer with surroundings.
Solenoid coil burnout typically results from excessive current flow caused by overvoltage, continuous duty operation beyond design limits, inadequate heat dissipation, or mechanical binding that prevents proper valve switching and increases power consumption.
Solenoid actuation performance depends on electromagnetic force (proportional to current squared and inversely related to air gap), mechanical stroke requirements, and response time limitations governed by inductance, resistance, and mechanical inertia of the moving components.
Voltage tolerance directly affects solenoid valve performance by influencing magnetic force generation, switching speed, and coil temperature, with most industrial valves requiring ±10% voltage stability for optimal operation and extended service life.
